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1. Does not introduce new physical forces or laws that contradict tested theory.

2. Does not allow fasterthanlight causal influence.

3. Reproduces the same observable predictions as established physics.

 

Because of that, multiple distinct worldviews can all be fully compatible with the same physics.

 

Why there isn’t a single compatible worldview

 

Physics describes:

 

• mathematical structures,

• dynamical laws,

• measurable predictions.

 

It generally does not specify:

 

• whether only the present exists or all times exist,

• whether reality is fundamentally relational or objectbased,

• whether spacetime is emergent or fundamental,

• whether time “flows” or is static but experienced sequentially,

• whether the universe has a global ordering concept that is descriptive but not dynamically

privileged.

 

Those are interpretive layers, not experimentally distinguishable physical claims. As long as they

don’t alter predictions, several interpretations can coexist.

 

Examples of different compatible interpretive families

 

All of the following can be formulated in ways consistent with relativity:

 

• Blockuniverse / eternalist views (all spacetime events exist).

• Relational views (only relations between events are fundamental).

• Presentism views

• Emergenttime views (time arises from deeper structure).

• Operational/instrumentalist views (physics only describes measurement relations, not “what reality

is”).

 

Each of these can be constructed so that all physical predictions remain identical, which is the key

requirement for compatibility.

 

So “how many” are compatible?

 

There is no fixed number. In principle:

 

• The set is openended.

• Any interpretation that adds metaphysical structure without changing observable physics can be

compatible.

• New interpretations can always be invented as long as they remain predictionequivalent to

established theory.

 

You can think of physics as specifying a mathematical core, while philosophical worldviews are

different ways of understanding what that same mathematical structure “means.”

 

A helpful way to visualize it

 

Imagine physics as the rules of a game engine.

 

Different players can tell very different stories about what the characters “really are,” yet the

same engine runs all of them. The gameplay outcomes stay identical even if the narrative

explanations differ.

 

That’s essentially the situation: relativity restricts the engine, not the number of narratives

built on top of it.

 

“If a never-been-observed something fits all known mathematical & observational constraints & has

not been disproved, whether it ‘can or can’t’ be ‘timely testable’, science does not rule it out,

even if it is speculative at best”, correct?

 

Science leaves room for stuff that fits the math and doesn’t break what we’ve already observed, even

if we can’t test it yet—or maybe ever.

 

Here are solid examples:

 

Physics & Cosmology:

 

∙ Dark matter candidates (like WIMPs or axions before direct detection attempts) — the math works,

galaxies spin weird without it, but we hadn’t seen the particles themselves

 

∙ Other universes in multiverse models — some versions pop out of inflation theory or quantum

mechanics, math checks out, but you can’t exactly hop over and visit

 

∙ Interior of black holes beyond the event horizon — General relativity describes what happens, but

no signal gets out to confirm it

 

∙ Hawking radiation — predicted from combining quantum mechanics and GR, fits the framework, but

we’ve never actually caught a black hole evaporating

 

∙ Eternalism (or the “block universe” view) — Fits the math: Einstein’s relativity shows that

“simultaneous” is relative to your reference frame. What’s “now” for you might be “past” or “future”

for someone moving differently. The math treats time as a dimension similar to space, where all

events just... are, laid out in spacetime.

 

∙ Fits observations: Everything we’ve tested about relativity works. Time dilation, length

contraction, the relativity of simultaneity — all confirmed.

 

∙ Hasn’t been disproved: There’s no experiment that rules out the block universe. It’s consistent

with physics as we know it.

 

∙ Can’t be directly tested (in a certain sense): You can’t experience the future as existing “right

now” because your consciousness moves through time (or perceives it that way). You’re stuck in your

local “present” slice. So you can’t exactly verify that tomorrow is “already out there” the way you

can verify that a building across town exists even when you’re not looking at it.

 

The deal:

 

Eternalism (or the “block universe” view) treats past, present, and future as equally real — just

different locations in the four-dimensional spacetime block. Your “now” is like your “here” — it’s

just where you are, not something special about reality itself.

 

But it’s still speculative since:

 

∙ We experience time as flowing, and nobody’s fully explained why (that’s the “arrow of time”

problem)

 

∙ Other interpretations exist (presentism; growing block)

 

So — eternalism is an example. The math allows it, observations don’t contradict it, and we can’t

definitively prove or disprove it. Science shrugs and says, “It’s on the table.”

 

∙ Magnetic monopoles — some theories predict them, they don’t contradict known physics, we just

haven’t found one sitting around

 

∙ Higher dimensions in string theory — the math needs them, nothing rules them out, but they’d be

curled up too tiny to detect directly

 

Biology & Origins:

 

∙ Abiogenesis pathways (specific chemical steps for life’s origin) — we know life started somehow,

various proposed mechanisms fit chemistry and conditions, but we weren’t there filming it

 

∙ Panspermia — life hitching a ride on asteroids fits what we know about extremophiles and space

conditions, just hasn’t been confirmed

 

Neuroscience & Consciousness:

 

∙ Specific neural correlates of subjective experience — we can match brain activity to reports of

experience, but the exact mechanism for why it feels like something is still “math and observation

consistent, not yet nailed down”

 

Even in everyday science:

 

∙ Unobserved species predictions — “there should be a fish in this depth range with these traits

based on evolutionary models and ecology” fits the framework before anyone catches one

 

The key is: these aren’t wild guesses. They’re “this would make sense given everything else we

know”—but confirmation is either hard, impossible with current tech, or maybe even impossible in

principle. Science doesn’t say “that’s real” but also doesn’t say “that’s nonsense.” It’s more

like...yeah, could be, show me more.

 

Humans may possibly have will, volition, and self-agency as emergent, physically instantiated

processes arising from brain activity that integrates information, evaluates possibilities, and

generates actions. This can be understood in several distinct but connected ways. Will is the

capacity of a system—the brain—to form intentions that are not the result of direct, immediate

external compulsion. The brain continuously processes sensory input, memories, goals, and emotional

states, generating candidate actions such as speaking, moving, or waiting. A selection process

within neural networks—especially involving the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia—then results in

an internally produced commitment to a specific action. This internally generated commitment may be

what we experience as will.

 

Volition is the process that turns intention into action. It involves evaluating available options,

selecting one over others, and initiating execution through motor systems such as the motor cortex

and its downstream pathways. In this sense, will concerns the formation of an intention, while

volition concerns the realization of that intention in behavior. Self-agency is both the experience

and the functional reality of being the author of one’s actions. It may arise when the brain’s

predictive models of its own actions align with the actual outcomes, allowing the system to register

that the action originated internally and unfolded in accordance with its own generated intention.

This produces both the subjective sense of control and a functional feedback-and-correction loop

that supports ongoing behavior.

 

Even though these processes are fully physical, agency may remain real because the system may be

generating its own internal states, evaluating alternatives, and selecting actions based on its

internal organization rather than functioning as a simple stimulus-response mechanism. Behavior

appears to be being mediated by internal computation and representation, if so, making agency a

genuine form of causal influence that originates within the system itself. However, such human will

is not absolute. It is constrained by biological factors such as brain structure and neurochemistry,

by prior causes including memory and conditioning, by informational limits on what one knows or

perceives, and by the fact that all interaction with reality is mediated through interpreted signals

rather than direct, unfiltered access to the world. So, as a result, choices are never made from

nothing, but always from within a structured system of constraints.

 

In relation to free-will debates, this framework aligns most naturally with a compatibilist view,

according to which free will consists in acting according to one’s own internal processes without

external coercion. On this view, a person has free will when their actions flow from their own

decision-making system, even if that system itself has causal antecedents. Deterministic

interpretations regard will as a complex but fully caused process, while indeterministic

interpretations allow for elements of genuine unpredictability. The compatibilist position

accommodates the empirical structure of decision-making without requiring contradiction between

causation and agency.

 

From a perspective that entails “accessing reality/etc. is via signal-based access”, one does not

directly access one’s own will, but instead infers it through internal signals, decision processes,

and action outcomes. From a Presentism perspective, decisions occur only during the present, such

that agency participates in the ongoing causal generation of reality rather than selecting from a

pre-existing future. In condensed form, will, volition, and self-agency may be understood as the

brain’s capacity to internally generate intentions, select among possible actions, and causally

produce behavior in a way that is integrated, self-referential, and responsive to both internal

states and external inputs.

 

Prior to the full articulation of a thought, cognition may possess anticipatory awareness of an

intended conceptual target. If so, this anticipatory awareness is not merely passive recognition,

but an active generative state that contributes to the production of internal guiding signals, which

in turn structure and direct the emergence of the fuller thought-content.